An Introduction to Human Anatomy

Anatomy Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Joint Bursa Ligament	Tendon Fracture Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle	Origin Insertion 32 bone names 7 joint types 12 muscle names 9 directions of movement

An Introduction to Human AnatomyImagine a time before today's medical science. How was the first knowledge about the inside of the human body gained?The first anatomy lessons left a lot to be desired.
Early medicinewas practiced with little knowledge of the causes of disease.
The 1918 version of Gray's Anatomy is online.

The Human Skeletal System There will be a formal test before lab day this week. You will be asked to identify the major bones and joint types from the class skeleton. No notes may be used when taking this test.

What are the names of the three bones in the middle ear?

Bones of the human body:  Axial skeleton - 80 bones cranium spine  ribs sternum  Appendicular skeleton - 126 bones shoulder  arm   elbow  hand  pelvis  leg   knee  ankle  foot

click diagram for answers

Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine

More than half of the body's 206 bones are in the hands and feet.The skull is composed of 29 different bones. Not all bones develop in the same way.

Of the 206 bones in your body, you should be able to identify the following by sight:

The Foot  Phalanges - toes Metatarsals - foot Tarsals - ankle	The Hand  Phalanges - fingers Metacarpals - hand Carpals - wrist bones	The Chest  Sternum - breast Ribs - named by side and number - 12 on each side Clavicle - collar Scapula - shoulder
The Leg  Fibula - small lower Tibia - large lower Petella - knee Femur - upper Pelvis - the "hip"	The Arm  Radius - thumb side lower Ulna - finger side lower Humerus - upper	The Skull  Maxilla - upper jaw Mandible - lower jaw Frontal - front Parietal - top Temporal - side Occipital - back Zygomatic - cheek
The Vertebrae  Cervical - first 7 The first is named the Atlas The second is named the Axis - all others named by number, 3-7 Thoracic - middle 12 - ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae Lumbar - lower 5 Sacrum - 5 vertebrae fused at hips Coccyx - 3 vertebrae fused - tail bone The 3 bones of the middle ear  Maleus - hammer Incus - anvil Stapes - stirrup

Joint - a place where two bones meet.

Types of joints:  Fixed - skull Semimovable - vertabrae and ribs Movable - all others Hinge - elbow & knee Ball-and-Socket - hip & shoulder Pivot - base of skull Angular - wrist & ankle Gliding - hand & foot

Related to joints: Bursa - a fluid-filled sac in the knee and shoulder joints to cushion the bones. Ligament - tough, flexible bands of connective tissue holding bones together at joints. Tendon - tough, inflexible bands of connective tissue attaching muscle to bone.

Use this website to learn about bone fractures. See a comparison of male and female hips. 
See how the humerus is used to determine age. 

Day 1-2 Assignment - Bones & Muscles Learn to identify the bones in the table above on the class skeleton. Learn to identify the types of joints indicated above on the class skeleton.

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Day 3 - 4

The Human Muscular System

The same muscles are used to lift a one pound object and a 20 pound object. What's different about lifting these two objects?

Muscles of the human body: 
The muscles of your body produce movement by pulling, not pushing.
If all your muscles pulled in one direction, your could lift almost 25 tons.
 Types of muscles: 

• Cardiac - involuntary muscle of the heart wall.
• Smooth - involuntary muscle of the stomach, intestine, and blood vessels.
• Skeletal - voluntary, striated muscles attached to bones.
  • Front view 
  • Back view 

Of the more than 600 muscles in your body, you should know the location of the following skeletal muscles:

The Arms Deltoid  abducts arm Biceps brachii  flexes forearm supinates forearm from neutral Triceps brachii  extends forearm

The Legs Sartorius  flexes hip and knee Rectus femoris  extends knee Gluteus maximus  extensor of hip rotates thigh Biceps femoris  flexes knee Gastrocnemius  flexes ankle stabilizes ankle and knee when standing

The Trunk Pectoralis major  adducts humerus Rectus Abdominus produces trunk motions Trapezius  elevates and rotates scapula Latissimus dorsi  rotates humerus

Muscle attachment:

 Origin - point of attachment on the stationary bone.  Insertion - point of attachment on the moving bone.

Muscle movement:

 Most skeletal muscles work in groups:
• Agonists - muscles primarily responsible for an action due to their contraction.
• Antagonists - muscles that relax to smooth the action of the agonists.
 Directions of movement: 
• Flexion - brings a body part forward.
• Extension - moves a body part to the rear.
• Abduction - moves an appendage laterally from the midline.
• Adduction - moves an appendage toward the midline.
• Circumduction - movement of an appendage in a circle around a joint.
• Pronation - rotating the palm of the hand downward.
• Supination - rotating the palm of the hand upward.
• Inversion - turning the toes of the foot inward.
• Eversion - turning the toes of the foot outward.

Day 3-4 Computer Assignment - Bones & Muscles
This assignment must be completed by the end of class tomorrow to receive credit.
PowerPoint Evaluation RubricMake a PowerPoint presentation with the following slides about muscles.

PowerPoint is a "presentation graphics" program. It is used to visually provide information to a group of people - not just one person sitting in front of a computer. Color combinations and font size must make the slides easily read from a distance.

1. Introduction - Title of presentation, your name, and assignment number.
2. Number of Muscles - The exact number of bones in the body is known. Why is the exact number of muscles  is in question?
3. Deltoid Muscle - Paste this muscle diagram  onto a slide. Use PowerPoint tools to cover the deltoid muscle with a red shape.
4. Pectoralis Major Muscle - Duplicate slide 2 and change it to show the pectoralis major muscle.
5. Trapezius Muscle - Paste this muscle diagram  onto a slide. Use PowerPoint tools to cover the trapezius muscle with a blue shape.
6. Gastrocnemius Muscle - Duplicate slide 4 and change it to show the gastrocnemius muscle.
7. What is a Muscle Cramp? 
8. What Causes Muscle Cramps?
9. How are Muscle Cramps Prevented?
10. What Causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? 
11. How is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Treated?
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography

Save the file on your computer and show the completed assignment to your science facilitator.

Research Links:

• Vertebrate Skeletal System - George Washington University
• Skeletal Muscles - Physical Therapy Central
• Vertebrate Muscular System - George Washington University
• Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation - The Virtual Hospital

   

The three bones in the middle ear are called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.






   

A muscle is made of fibers that must contract completely or relax completely. More of these fibers are asked to contract when lifting a heavy object than when lifting a light-weight object.